93 Economies grow and societies become more prosperous through: 1. Discovery of riches and natural resources The discovery of natural resources like gas, coal, oil, gold, etc… can promote growth. However, such growth will be unsustainable unless the revenues from windfall discoveries are transformed into more durable sources of growth. 2. Effort Working harder, increasing hours worked per year, increasing labour market participation, greater effort and discipline. 3. Saving and accumulating capital Being sober and abstaining from current consumption in order to save; investing these savings in order to accumulate capital goods, which increase the productivity of labour. 4. Education Abstaining from current consumption in order to invest in education, training and health, and thus improve the productivity of labour. 5. Appropriation Appropriating resources from other societies and using them to accumulate capital. If resources are appropriated, but not reinvested, then they will have the same unsustainable effects as windfall discoveries. 6. Efficiency Becoming more efficient and effective in the use of capital, labour, intermediate inputs and the ways in which these can be combined in production. Efficiency includes the effects of specialization and international trade, economies of scale, structural change and better utilization of capacity. 7. Technological change Developing or acquiring new knowledge about how to produce valued goods and services and applying such knowledge to production. Growth models: Sources of growth of GDP per capita

94 " What you will see in Africa I think, as far as the IT revolution is concerned, it may not be the whole continent that is like being mobilized. But rather I see individual countries ( because it's a continent after all, you see) like Nigeria, Kenya, Morocco and potentially South Africa for example, they will lead the effort of modernizing Africa and bring it to the 21st century digital economy. Once they do that, they will become role models for other African countries to follow. I don't think there's going to be a revolution in Africa, it is going to be an evolution" Navi Radjou Vice President at Forrester Research Board of inspiration: " Creation of African role- models"